This page is to help you identify hemlock trees and hemlock woolly adelgid. If you are unsure whether your tree has an infestation, please make a report. You can bring photos of the needles to a local professional for identification… We want to help you!
Quick links
Find a local professional to help you identify HWA.
Learn how to identify hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA).
Not sure what a hemlock looks like? Learn how to identify a hemlock tree (includes information about common look alikes).
Identifying hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA)
HWA is a white, woolly mass that is attached to the tree at the base of the needle.
Eggs and young adelgids are often spread during spring bird migration, so often infestations are at the very top of the tree.
HWA look alikes
There are HWA look alikes. We’ll list a few below to help you in identification. If you aren’t sure, please still make the report. We will be able to help you identify HWA.
HWA look alike information from the State of Michigan
Identifying a hemlock tree:
Eastern hemlocks are a conifers (they have cones) and they keep their needles year round.
Needles are flat, not round and they are attached individually to the branch, not in bunches like pine trees. Needles have two white “racing stripes” on the underside.
Hemlock trees are dark green (and often appear darker than pines) and have somewhat droopy, lacy-looking branches. They can be found in beech-maple forests, coniferous swamps, forested dunes (usually north facing), and along river corridors.
Hemlocks along the Pigeon River at Hemlock Crossing Park, photo by David Michael Lawson.
Here’s a handy key for more examples.
Hemlock Lookalikes
Eastern hemlock trees have a couple of tricky look alikes. Below is a photo of a Yew (Taxus sp.) Yew needles are longer and do not have the white stripes found on a hemlock. They also produce a berry-like cone, very different than the cone found on a hemlock.
The following is a Balsam Fir (Abies balsamea). Balsam fir is very frequently mistaken for eastern hemlock, especially when it is small. One of the easiest ways to tell the two apart when you can reach needles is to look at needle attachment.
Here’s a close up of the two side by side. Photos courtesy of Michigan Nature Guy
Hemlock needles are short, normally less than 13mm (1/2 inch), blunt, with a few teeth toward the tip. They are dark green above and have a white stripe on the lower surface. The white stripe is actually composed of minute openings in the leaf called stomata. These openings allow the plant to “breath.” Hemlocks also have needles that lay on the twig, with their lower surface pointing up. The needles appear to occur in flattened clusters but actually are produced from around the twig. The leaves bend, giving the branch its characteristic flattened look. Copyright 2013 by Donald Drife
Balsam fir needles look more like suction cups attached to the stem.
Note: Do not confuse the balsam wooly adelgid (BWA) with HWA.
The following photo is a Cypress (Taxodium distichum).
Local professionals who can help
If you suspect may have HWA, bring or send a clear photo of the branch and needles to a local professional or CISMA (Cooperative Invasive Species Management Area) for identification. Find your local CISMA by visiting this link. Your local Conservation District can also help with identification or referral towards another professional.
Please do not physically bring a potentially infected branch to be identified. This can spread HWA.
Northwest Michigan Invasive Species Network, 3334 Veterans Dr. Traverse City, MI 49684. 231-252-4148, or Email
CAKE CISMA, 4820 Stover Rd. Bellaire, MI 49615. 231-533-8363 x5, or Email
LCD FAP Forester, Leelanau, Benzie, and Grand Traverse Counties. Pending
Josh Shields, FAP Forester, Manistee, Mason, and Lake Counties. Email
Benjamin Savoie, FAP Forester, Ottawa, Allegan, and Barry Counties. Email
Ellie Johnson, Outreach Forester, Michigan Forest Association. Email
Mason-Lake Conservation District, 655 N Scottville Rd. Scottville, MI 49454. 231-757-3707 x3, or Email
Ottawa Conservation District/West Michigan CISMA, 16731 Ferris St. Grand Haven, MI 49417. 616-842-5852 x5, or Email
Muskegon Conservation District, 4735 Holton Rd. Twin Lake, MI 49457. 231-828-5097, or Email
Other places that are able to identify HWA:
Ottawa County Parks Nature Education Center, 8115 West Olive Rd, West Olive, MI 49460
DeGraaf Nature Center, 600 Graafschap Rd, Holland, MI 49423
Gillette Visitor Center at PJ Hoffmaster State Park, 6585 Lake Harbor Rd, Norton Shores, MI 49441 **Any person wishing to ID possible HWA at Gillette Nature Center, should call or email first to set up an appointment with Sean (or be willing to leave pictures with contact information): Sean Simonson, 231-798-3711